Arbutus menziesii
Gerald D. Carr

Flora of Oregon

Shrubs and

trees to 35 m; bark red and smooth to reddish brown and exfoliating.

Leaves ovate to elliptic, 7–15 cm, pale green abaxially, dark green and shiny adaxially, margins entire to minutely serrate; petioles 1–2.5 cm.

Inflorescences 5–15 cm, pubescent; bracts ovate, 4–6 mm, whitish.

Flowers sepals ovate, 0.5–1.5 mm, thin; corollas urceolate, 5–8 mm, white to pinkish, lobes very short, reflexed.

Fruits globose, 8–12 mm in diameter, orange to bright red, roughened by glandular-warty projections.

Seeds 2–3 mm, light brown.

2n=26.

Coniferous and mixed forests, rocky meadows. Flowering Mar–Jun. 0–1600 m. Casc, CR, Sisk, WV. CA, WA; north to British Columbia. Native.

The largest of the ericaceous species in Oregon, Arbutus menziesii is easily identifiable by its size and exfoliating bark. This tree is popular in cultivation throughout the Northwest and is often seen in parks and gardens. Native Americans found a variety of uses for the fruits, bark, and leaves. Its fragrant flowers and brightly colored fruit are attractive to wildlife as well.

Gardening with Natives

Pacific madrone is arguably one of our most beautiful and recognizable native trees and is the tall cousin of manzanita shrubs, potentially growing over 100 feet tall. The trunk and branches showcase patterns of peeling copper bark with smooth olive to red wood beneath. White urn-shaped flowers grow in compound racemes and mature into bumpy orange-red fruits that provide striking contrast to the evergreen foliage. It may be difficult to establish and its slow growth may tempt gardeners to seek older individuals but small saplings planted before winter rains are more likely to survive. It prefers sun and acidic well-drained soils as it is intolerant of wet soils. Older trees tolerate drought and sea spray.

Flora of North America

as described under Arbutus menziesii

Shrubs or trees, 4-10(-20) m; bark dark red, smooth, until mid season when outer bark exfoliates, inner bark green, soon weathering to dark red; following exfoliation on younger wood, bark retained on oldest portions of main axis and on abaxial sides of larger lateral axes, area of retained bark gradually increasing as tree ages, becoming roughened dark gray. Leaves larger on sterile shoots with longer internodes; petiole 2-4.5 cm, base slightly decurrent, glabrous, sometimes with hairs adaxially; blade glaucous-green abaxially, olive-green adaxially (leaves of previous season turning yellow and red in June and July before they fall), elliptic, 6.5-13 × 3.5-6(-8) cm, base usually rounded, sometimes slightly cordate, rarely tapered, apex usually rounded or acute, rarely with short cusp, surfaces glabrescent (sparingly hairy on newly emerging leaves). Inflorescences (often compound), congested or not; axes hairy ± throughout, hairs not glandular. Pedicels accrescent, initially pendulous, becoming stiffly erect, 3-5(-6.2) mm, (to 6-8 mm in fruit), sometimes sparsely glandular-hairy; bract clasping base, rust-colored, scalelike, 2-3.5 mm. Flowers: calyx creamy tan at anthesis, lobes 1-2.1 mm, apex blunt; corolla 4.9-5.8 mm; anthers 1-1.2 mm, spurs usually slightly exceeding length of thecae; ovary with 2-5 ovules per locule. Berries red or orange-red, 13-20 mm diam. Seeds 2-2.5 mm.Flowering Mar-May(-Jun); fruiting (Jun-)Jul-Sep (-Oct) (fruit sometimes held on the trees into early part of following year). Open forests, rocky slopes, ravines, foothills, and shores; 0-1800 m; B.C.; Calif., Oreg., Wash.References to the presence of Arbutus menziesii in the San Pedro Martír Mountains of northern Baja California have not been supported by vouchers. Its southernmost area of occurrence is in San Diego County, California, where it is rare. Its range extends northward along the coast to British Columbia (about 50° north latitude, in the vicinity of Seymour Narrows).The smooth, red bark and its mid-season exfoliation mark Arbutus menziesii as a distinct species and one much sought as an attractive landscape tree. People who have acquired property with native individuals of the species already present are very lucky because transplants of young saplings for landscaping seldom succeed. Cultivation from seed seems to be successful.

Photo images

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Herbarium specimens

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