Schoenoplectus californicus
Gerald D. Carr

Flora of Oregon

Rhizomes 10–15 mm thick, tubers absent.

Culms bluntly trigonous with nearly flat sides throughout to cylindric proximally, obscurely trigonous distally, 100–400 cm × 4–10 mm.

Leaf blades dorsiventrally flat, not more than 50% of sheath length, distal blade to 20 × 2 mm.

Inflorescences proximal bract usually erect, obtusely trigonous to subcylindric-channeled, 1–8 cm.

Spikes 25–150+, solitary and in clusters of 2 or more, on branches to 21 cm long, 5–11 × 3 mm; floral scales broadly oval, 2.5 × 2 mm, orange-brown, with linear dots, margins ciliolate, apex rounded, notch 0.1–0.2 mm deep, awn not contorted, usually bent outward, 0.3 mm, sparsely scabrous.

Flowers perianth members 2–4, thickly strap-shaped or trigonous, equaling achenes, dark red-brown, fringed with brownish, soft, blunt hairs; stigmas 2.

Achenes unequally biconvex or plano-convex, 1.8–2.2 × 1.3 mm, dark gray-brown when ripe; beak 0.2 mm.

Brackish to freshwater marshes and lake shores, often emergent in water. 0–50 m. Est. CA, NV; east to NC, south to South America; New Zealand, Pacific Islands. Exotic?

Schoenoplectus californicus resembles common S. acutus and S. tabernaemontani, but the unusual bristles permit confident identification. Hybrids of S. californica and S. acutus var. occidentalis are known in California.

Flora of North America

as described under Schoenoplectus californicus

Rhizomes 10-15 mm diam. Culms bluntly trigonous with nearly flat sides throughout to cylindric proximally, obscurely trigonous distally, 1-4 m × 4-10 mm, smooth. Leaves 3-4, basal, ca. 1/6 culm length; sheath fronts coarsely pinnate-fibrillose; blades 0-1, dorsiventrally flat, not more than 1/2 sheath length, distal blade to 20 × 2 mm. Inflorescences 3 or more times branched, branches to 21 cm; proximal bract usually erect, obtusely trigonous to subcylindric-channeled, 1-8 cm, margins often scabridulous. Spikelets 25-150+, solitary and in clusters of 2 or more, 5-11 × 3 mm; scales orange-brown, brightly lineolate-spotted, broadly oval, 2.5 × 2 mm, margins ciliolate, flanks veinless, apex rounded, notch 0.1-0.2 mm deep, awn not contorted, usually bent outward, 0.3 mm, sparsely scabrous. Flowers: perianth members 2-4, dark red-brown, thickly strap-shaped or trigonous, equaling achenes, fringed with brownish, soft, blunt hairs; anthers 1.5 mm; styles 2-fid. Achenes dark gray-brown when ripe, unequally biconvex or plano-convex, ovoid to obovoid, 1.8-2.2 × 1.3 mm; beak 0.2 mm. 2n = 68.Fruiting spring-summer. Brackish to fresh marshes, shores, often emergent in water; 0-1400 m; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Fla., Ga., Kans., La., Miss., Nev., N.Mex., N.C., Okla., S.C., Tenn., Tex.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America (s to Argentina, Chile); Pacific Islands (Cook Islands, Easter Island, Hawaii); introduced, New Zealand.Schoenoplectus californicus forms sterile hybrids with S. acutus in California (see 1. S. tabernaemontani) (S. G. Smith 1995). It reportedly occurs in Pope County, Illinois, although I have not seen a specimen.

Photo images

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Herbarium specimens

https://www.pnwherbaria.org/images/thumbnail.php?Image=ID047955.jpg
https://www.pnwherbaria.org/images/thumbnail.php?Image=SRP042001.jpg
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https://botanydb.colorado.edu/COLO_V/01091/01091933_tn.jpg